CDA Essentials 2018 • Volume 5 • Issue 7

S upporting Y our P ractice behaviours, thus having therapeutic potential in clinical care. 37 Previous clinical studies have also shown that pleasant music could activate the brain reward system. 38–39 Moreover, different cultural songs induce sleep in babies. 40,41 Furthermore, each type of music may produce different results on the body. For example, stimulating music increases some cardiovascular responses, whereas relaxing music decreases them. 19 Importantly, some autonomic responses may partly reflect basic tempo entrainment (i.e., fast versus slow) but rhythmic content and melodic contours conveying emotional meaning appear to be central determinants of physiological effects. 42 Previous studies have suggested that music selected by the researchers had a greater effect on stress reduction than music selected by the subjects themselves. 43 However, a meta-analysis on the effect of music on anxiety in patients with cardiovascular problems 44 indicates that self-selected music is more effective in reducing psychological measures such as anxiety. Although little is known on the mechanisms of the favourite music, a recent brain imaging study 45 shows involvement in self-reflective thought and socio-emotional memory networks when listening to preferred music. Although there have been a number of studies on the use of music interventions in reducing pain and anxiety related to clinical treatments, the use of culturally adapted music, its application to various health care settings, and its effect on patient care avoidance and attendance within the communities have not yet been examined. Furthermore, various technological innovations are now available and can be applied to musical interventions to deliver efficient and effective health care. 46 In this context, to empower patient-centred care, the authors of this report have secured Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) funds to organize a unique workshop for planning future research activities and projects on the use of music in clinical setting. Accordingly, a closed- invitation workshop was conducted in May 2017 in Montreal at the International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS) affiliated with the University of Montreal and McGill University. During the one-day workshop, several researchers and experts in fundamental, translational, and clinical research in the fields of music, pain, neuropsychology, mental health, and oral health from Canadian and international universities and research institutions were invited to discuss patient- centred health care innovations with clinicians, community, and health care industry representatives, and end- knowledge users. The development and implementation of culturally adapted music interventions in clinical care was the main theme of this workshop, with three specific objectives: • Consolidation of research partnership with patients, clinicians, researchers, policy makers, and e-health industry engaged in the fields of dentistry and mental health. • Knowledge exchange and dissemination on the effect of music on emotion and pain control, from basic science to e-health innovation. • Planning for the submission of grant proposals. Dr. Pierre Blanchet, the vice-dean of research at the faculty of dental medicine at the University of Montreal, opened the workshop by putting emphasis on the importance of clinical interdisciplinary and intersectoral research. The three organizers of the workshop, Drs. Elham Emami, Nathalie Gosselin, and Pierre Rainville, facilitated the workshop oral presentations and discussion groups. The workshop oral presenters were invited to present the five subthemes of the workshop displaying the interdisciplinary and intersectorial nature of the workshop: • Patient-centred care: Empowering patients’ own-care engagement • Anxiety and pain: Clinical and research perspectives • Brain/emotion networks and music: Mechanism of interactions • Music intervention: From bench to clinic and e-health innovation • Cultural context of music intervention The subtheme cultural context of music included an overview of Indigenous music and its impact on the conceptualization of health and healing. Key points from presentations ❙  Low engagement in care includes missing appointments, which is a current problem for private dental health care sectors, as well as for those organizations that offer free or low-cost dental services such as Indigenous communities’ oral health care centres and dental faculties. 47 ❙  Past negative dental experiences related to injection needles, drill noises, and sitting in a dental chair are associated with dental phobia. 48 Since individuals with